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Zvinyorwa & Media

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Integrated circuit (IC), inonziwo microelectronic circuit, microchip, kana chip, musangano wezvemagetsizvikamu, zvakagadzirwa sechinhu chimwe chete, umo miniaturized inoshanda zvishandiso (semuenzaniso,transistorsuyediodes) uye zvigadziriso (semuenzaniso,capacitorsuyeresistors) uye kubatana kwavo kunovakwa pane yakaonda substrate yesemiconductorzvinhu (kazhinjisilicon)The resultcircuitsaka idikimonolithic"chip," inogona kunge idiki semasendimita mashoma kana masikweya mamilimita mashoma.Iyo yega yedunhu zvikamu zvinowanzoita microscopic muhukuru.

 Integratedmasekete ane kwaakabva mukugadzirwa kweiyotransistormuna 1947 byWilliam B. Shockleynechikwata chake paKambani yeAmerican Telephone uye Telegraph Bell Laboratories.Chikwata chaShockley (kusanganisiraJohn BardeenuyeWalter H. Brattain) vakawana kuti, pasi pemamiriro akakodzera,maerekitironizvaizoumba chipingamupinyi pamusoro pezvimwemakristasi, uye vakadzidza kudzora kuyerera kwemagetsikuburikidza nekristaronokushandisa chipingamupinyi ichi.Kudzora maerekitironi kuyerera kuburikidza nekristaro kwakabvumira timu kugadzira mudziyo waigona kuita mamwe mabasa emagetsi, senge masign amplification, ayo aimboitwa nemachubhu evacuum.Vakatumidza mudziyo uyu kuti transistor, kubva mumubatanidzwa wemazwitransferuyeresistor.Chidzidzo chenzira dzekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uchishandisa zvinhu zvakasimba zvakazozivikanwa seyakasimba-nyikazvemagetsi.Solid-state zvishandisoyakaratidza kuva yakasimba zvikuru, iri nyore kushanda nayo, yakavimbika zvikuru, iduku zvikuru, uye isingadhuri pane vacuum chubhu.Kushandisa misimboti uye zvinhu zvakafanana, mainjiniya akakurumidza kudzidza kugadzira zvimwe zvikamu zvemagetsi, senge resistors uye capacitor.Iye zvino izvo zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvaigona kuitwa zvidiki zvakadaro, chikamu chikuru chedunhu yaive wiring isina kunaka pakati pemidziyo.

Basic IC marudzi

Analogikupesanadigital circuits

Analogi, kana mutsara, maseketi anowanzo shandisa zvikamu zvishoma uye nokudaro mamwe emhando dzakareruka dzeICs.Kazhinji, analog maseketi akabatana kune zvishandiso zvinotora masaini kubva kunezvakatipoteredzakana kutumira masaini kudzokera kunharaunda.Somuenzaniso, amaikorofoniinoshandura manzwi enzwi anochinja-chinja kuva chiratidzo chemagetsi chemagetsi akasiyana-siyana.Seketi yeanalogi inozogadzirisa chiratidzo neimwe nzira inobatsira-senge yekuikudza kana kusefa yeruzha rusingade.Chiratidzo chakadaro chinogona kubva chadzoserwa kune gudzanzwi, iro raizoburitsa matani akatorwa nemaikorofoni.Imwe yakajairika kushandiswa kwedunhu reanalogi kudzora chimwe chishandiso mukupindura kunoramba kuchichinja kwezvakatipoteredza.Semuenzaniso, tembiricha sensor inotumira chiratidzo chakasiyana kune athermostat, iyo inogona kugadzirwa kuti ibatidze uye kudzima mhepo inofefetera, heater, kana hovhoni kana chiratidzo chasvika pane imwe.value.

Dijitari redunhu, kune rimwe divi, rakagadzirirwa kugamuchira chete mavoltages emhando dzakapihwa.Dunhu rinoshandisa matunhu maviri chete rinozivikanwa sebhinari redunhu.Dhizaini yedunhu rine huwandu hwebhinari, "pa" uye "kudzima" inomiririra 1 na 0 (kureva, chokwadi nenhema), inoshandisa pfungwa yekuti.Boolean algebra.(Arithmetic inoitwawo mubinary nhamba systemkushandisa Boolean algebra.) Izvi zvinhu zvakakosha zvakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kweICs emakombuta edhijitari uye midziyo inobatanidzwa kuita mabasa anodiwa.

Microprocessorcircuits

Microprocessorsndiyo yakanyanya kuoma ICs.Iwo anoumbwa nemabhiriyoni etransistorsizvo zvakagadziriswa sezviuru zvedhijitari yegacircuits, imwe neimwe inoita basa rekufunga.A microprocessor inovakwa zvachose yeaya logic maseketi akawiriraniswa kune mumwe nemumwe.Microprocessors kazhinji ine iyocentral processing unit(CPU) yekombuta.

Kungofanana nebhendi rinofamba, maseketi anoita basa rawo rekufunga chete pakutungamira nebhendi.Bandmaster mune microprocessor, sekutaura, inonzi wachi.Wachi chiratidzo chinokurumidza kuchinjika pakati penyika mbiri dzine logic.Pese apo wachi inochinja mamiriro, pfungwa dzesecircuitmune microprocessor inoita chimwe chinhu.Maverengero anogona kuitwa nekukurumidza, zvichienderana nekumhanya (wachi frequency) yemicroprocessor.

Microprocessors ine mamwe maseketi, anozivikanwa semarejista, anochengeta ruzivo.Marejista inzvimbo dzakatemerwa ndangariro.Imwe neimwe processor ine akawanda akasiyana marudzi emarejista.Marejista echigarire anoshandiswa kuchengeta mirairo yakafanorongwa inodiwa pakuita kwakasiyana siyana (sekuwedzera uye kuwanza).Marejista enguva pfupi anochengeta nhamba dzinofanirwa kuvhiyiwa uyezve mhedzisiro.Mimwe mienzaniso yemarejista inosanganisira kaunda yepurogiramu (inonziwo pointer yekuraira), ine kero mundangariro yerairo rinotevera;iyo stack pointer (inonziwo stack register), iyo ine kero yemurairo wekupedzisira wakaiswa munzvimbo yendangariro inonzi stack;uye rejista yekero yendangariro, iyo ine kero yenzvimbo iyodataichashandirwa iripo kana kuti data rakagadziriswa richachengetwa.

Microprocessors inogona kuita mabhiriyoni ekushanda pasekondi pane data.Pamusoro pemakomputa, microprocessors yakajairika mukativhidhiyo mitambo masystem,terevhizheni,makamera,uyemotokari.

Memorycircuits

Microprocessors kazhinji inofanirwa kuchengetedza data rakawanda kupfuura rinogona kubatwa mumarejista mashoma.Iyi yekuwedzera ruzivo inotamiswa kune yakakosha ndangariro maseketi.Memoryinoumbwa nedense arralles emaseketi anofambirana anoshandisa mavolti states kuchengetedza ruzivo.Memory inochengetawo kutevedzana kwenguva pfupi kwemirairo, kana chirongwa, cheiyo microprocessor.

Vagadziri vanoramba vachiedza kuderedza saizi yemasekete endangariro-kuwedzera kugona pasina kuwedzera nzvimbo.Pamusoro pezvo, zvidimbu zvidiki zvinowanzo shandisa simba shoma, zvinoshanda zvakanyanya, uye zvinodhura zvishoma kugadzira.