Itsva uye yepakutanga TPA3116D2DADR Yakabatanidzwa dunhu IC Chips zvemagetsi zvikamu

Mumazuva ekutanga e semiconductor chip, silicon yakanga isiri iyo huru hunhu, germanium yaive.Yekutanga transistor yaive germanium-based transistor uye yekutanga yakabatanidzwa yedunhu chip yaive germanium chip.
Yekutanga transistor yakagadzirwa naBardeen naBratton, avo vakagadzira bipolar transistor (BJT).Yekutanga P/N junction diode yakagadzirwa naShockley uye, nekukasira, iyi junction mhando yakagadzirwa naShockley yakava chimiro chakajairwa cheBJT uye chiri kushanda nhasi.Vatatu vacho vakapihwawo Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi gore iroro muna 1956.
A transistor inogona kungonzwisiswa sediki diki switch.Zvichienderana nemaitiro eiyo semiconductor, N-mhando semiconductor inogona kuumbwa kuburikidza ne doping semiconductor ine phosphorus uye P-mhando semiconductor ine boron.Iko kusanganiswa kweN-mhando uye P-mhando semiconductors inoumba PN junction, chimiro chakakosha mumachipisi emagetsi;izvi zvinobvumira kuti mashandiro epfungwa aitwe (senge ne-magedhi, kana-magedhi, asiri-magedhi, nezvimwewo)
Germany, zvisinei, ine mamwe matambudziko akaomarara, akadai sekukanganisa kwakawanda kweiyo semiconductor, kusagadzikana kwemafuta, uye kushomeka kwedense oxides.Uyezve, germanium chinhu chisingawanzoitiki, chine zvikamu zvinomwe chete pamiriyoni muvhu, uye germanium ores zvakare yakapararira zvakanyanya.Imhaka yekuti germanium ishoma uye haina kuomeswa kuti mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvegermanium unoramba wakakwira;zvinhu hazviwanzo, uye mutengo wakakwira wezvigadzirwa zvinoita kuti germanium transistors isadhure, saka zvakaoma kugadzira germanium transistors pamwero mukuru.

Vatsvagiri, saka, vakasvetuka nhanho uye vakatarisa chinhu chesilicon.Iwe unogona kutaura kuti zvese zvekusakwana kwegermanium ndizvo zvakanakira silicon.

Silicon ndiyo yechipiri yakanyanya kuwanda element mushure meokisijeni, asi iwe haugone kuwana masilicon monomers muzvisikwa;makemikari ayo anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye silica uye silicates.Pakati peizvi, silica ndiyo imwe yezvikamu zvikuru zvejecha.Mukuwedzera, mishonga yakadai sefeldspar, granite, uye quartz zvose zvinobva kune silica-oxygen compounds.

Silicon yakagadzikana nemafuta, ine dense, yakakwira dielectric constant oxide, uye inogona kugadzirwa zviri nyore nesilicon-silicon oxide interface ine hurema hushoma hwepakati.

Silicon oxide hainyungudike mumvura (germanium oxide inonyungudika mumvura) uye isinganyungudike mumaasidhi mazhinji, inongori inongoenderana neyakaomarara nzira yekudhinda inoshandiswa kune akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi.Chigadzirwa chemusanganiswa uyu ndiyo nzira yakadzikama yemasekete akabatanidzwa anoenderera nanhasi.
Silicon crystal columns

Rwendo rweSilicon kuenda kumusoro
Basa rakakundikana: Zvinonzi Shockley akaona mukana mukuru wemusika panguva iyo pasina munhu akanga asati abudirira kugadzira silicon transistor;ndosaka akasiya Bell Labs muna 1956 kuti atange kambani yake muCalifornia.Nehurombo, Shockley anga asiri muzvinabhizimusi akanaka uye manejimendi ake ebhizinesi raive basa rebenzi zvichienzaniswa nehunyanzvi hwake hwedzidzo.Saka Shockley pachake haana kuzadzisa chishuvo chekutsiva germanium nesilicon, uye nhanho yehupenyu hwake hwese yaive podium paStanford University.Kwapera gore mushure mekuvambwa kwayo, majaya masere ane tarenda aakange atora akatsauka kubva kwaari, uye vaive "vatengesi vasere" vaifanira kupedzisa vavariro yekutsiva germanium nesilicon.

Kusimuka kwesilicon transistor

Pamberi peEight Renegades payakavamba Fairchild Semiconductor, germanium transistors ndiyo yaive musika wekutengesa ma transistors, aine angangoita 30 miriyoni transistors akagadzirwa muUnited States muna 1957, miriyoni imwe chete yesilicon transistors uye angangoita 29 miriyoni germanium transistors.Iine chikamu che20% chemusika, Texas Instruments yakava hofori mumusika wetransistor.
Eight Renegades uye Fairchild Semiconductor

Vatengi vakuru vemusika, hurumende yeUS nemauto, vanoda kushandisa machipisi muhuwandu hukuru mumaroketi nemakomba, vachiwedzera kukosha kwekutangisa mutoro nekuvandudza kuvimbika kwenzvimbo dzekudzora.Asi ma transistors anozosanganawo nehutsinye hwekushanda mamiriro anokonzerwa nekupisa kwakanyanya uye nechisimba vibrations.

Germanium ndiyo yekutanga kurasikirwa kana zvasvika pakupisa: germanium transistors inokwanisa kushingirira tembiricha ye80°C chete, ukuwo zvinodiwa nemauto ndezvekushanda kwakadzikama kunyangwe pa200°C.Chete silicon transistors inogona kumira tembiricha iyi.
Iyo yechinyakare silicon transistor

Fairchild akagadzira maitiro ekugadzira silicon transistors, ichiita kuti ive nyore uye inoshanda semabhuku akadhindwa uye yakachipa zvakanyanya kupfuura germanium transistors maererano nemutengo.Fairchild maitiro ekugadzira silicon transistors ane hutsinye sezvinotevera.

Chekutanga, marongerwo anodhirowewa nemaoko, dzimwe nguva akakura zvekuti anotora madziro, uyezve dhirowa rinotorwa mifananidzo uye rakaderedzwa kuita diki pepa rinopenya, kazhinji rine nzira mbiri dzemapepa matatu, imwe neimwe ichimiririra denderedzwa redunhu.

Kechipiri, dhizaini yemwenje-inonzwa zvinhu inoiswa kune yakachekwa uye yakakwenenzverwa yakatsetseka silicon wafer, uye UV / laser inoshandiswa kuchengetedza wedunhu pateni kubva kune transillumination sheet kupinda pasilicon wafer.

Chechitatu, nzvimbo uye mitsara munzvimbo ine rima ye transillumination sheet inosiya maitiro asina kuoneka pane silicon wafer;aya mapatani asina kuvhenekwa anocheneswa nemhinduro yeasidhi, uye kana semiconductor tsvina inowedzerwa (diffusion technique) kana simbi conductors inoputirwa.

Chechina, kudzokorora nhanho nhatu dziri pamusoro pechimwe nechimwe chinopenya, nhamba huru dzema transistors anogona kuwanikwa pasilicon wafers, anochekwa nevashandi vechikadzi pasi pemaikorosikopu obva abatanidzwa newaya, obva aiswa mukati, oedzwa, uye otengeswa.

Nemasilicon transistors anowanikwa muhuwandu hukuru, vasere vakapanduka vakavamba Fairchild vaive pakati pemakambani aigona kumira padivi pehofori dzakadai seTexas Instruments.

Iyo yakakosha kusunda - Intel
Yakanga iri iyo yakatevera kugadzirwa kwedunhu rakasanganiswa iro rakapfupisa hutongi hwegermanium.Panguva iyoyo, pakanga paine mitsetse miviri yetekinoroji, imwe yemaseketi akabatanidzwa pagermanium chips kubva kuTexas Instruments uye imwe yemaseketi akabatanidzwa pasilicon chips kubva kuFairchild.Pakutanga, makambani maviri aya aive nekukakavadzana kunotyisa pamusoro pevaridzi vezvibvumirano pamatunhu akabatanidzwa, asi gare gare Hofisi yePatent yakaziva hutori hwezvibvumirano pamasekete akabatanidzwa nemakambani maviri.
Nekudaro, sekuita kwaFairchild kwakawedzera kufambira mberi, yakava chiyero cheseketi dzakabatanidzwa uye ichiri kushandiswa nhasi.Gare gare, Noyce, muvambi wedunhu rakasanganiswa, uye Moore, muvambi weMutemo waMoore, akasiya Centron Semiconductor, uyo, sezvineiwo, vese vaive nhengo dze "Eight Traitors".Pamwe chete naGrove, vakagadzira iyo ikozvino yakakura kwazvo semiconductor chip kambani, Intel.
Ivo vatatu vakatanga Intel, kubva kuruboshwe: Grove, Noyce, uye Moore

Muzviitiko zvakazotevera, Intel yakasundira silicon chips.Yakarova hofori dzakadai seTexas Instruments, Motorola, uye IBM kuti ive mambo weiyo semiconductor kuchengetedza uye CPU chikamu.

Sezvo Intel yakava mutambi mukuru muindastiri, silicon yakagumawo germanium, uye yaimbove Santa Clara Valley yakanzi "Silicon Valley".Kubva ipapo, silicon machipisi ave akaenzana semiconductor machipisi mukuona kweveruzhinji.

Germanium, zvisinei, ine mamwe matambudziko akaoma zvikuru kugadzirisa, akadai seakawanda maratidziro akaremara esemiconductors, kushata kwekudziya kwemafuta, uye kushomeka kwedense oxides.Uyezve, germanium chinhu chisingawanzoitiki, chine zvikamu zvinomwe chete pamiriyoni muvhu, uye germanium ores zvakare yakapararira zvakanyanya.Imhaka yekuti germanium ishoma uye haina kuomeswa kuti mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvegermanium unoramba wakakwira;zvinhu hazviwanzo, uye mutengo wakakwira wezvigadzirwa zvinoita kuti germanium transistors irege kudhura, saka zvakaoma kugadzira germanium transistors pamwero mukuru.

Vatsvagiri, saka, vakasvetuka nhanho uye vakatarisa chinhu chesilicon.Iwe unogona kutaura kuti ese egermanium's inherent utera isilicon's inherent simba.

Silicon ndiyo yechipiri yakanyanya kuwanda element mushure meokisijeni, asi iwe haugone kuwana masilicon monomers muzvisikwa;makemikari ayo anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye silica uye silicates.Pakati peizvi, silica ndiyo imwe yezvikamu zvikuru zvejecha.Mukuwedzera, mishonga yakadai sefeldspar, granite, uye quartz zvose zvinobva kune silica-oxygen compounds.

Silicon yakagadzikana nemafuta, ine dense, yakakwira dielectric constant oxide, uye inogona kugadzirwa zviri nyore nesilicon-silicon oxide interface ine hurema hushoma hwepakati.

Silicon oxide hainyungudike mumvura (germanium oxide inonyungudika mumvura) uye isinganyungudike mumaasidhi mazhinji, inongori inongoenderana neiyo corrosion printing nzira inoshandiswa kune akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi.Chigadzirwa chemusanganiswa uyu ndiyo yakabatanidzwa yedunhu planar process inoenderera nanhasi.