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Field-programmable gedhi array

Amunda-programmable gedhi array(FPGA) ndiyeIntegrated circuityakagadzirirwa kugadzirwa nemutengi kana mugadziri mushure mekugadzira - saka izwifield-programmable.Iyo FPGA kumisikidzwa inowanzotsanangurwa uchishandisa ahardware tsananguro mutauro(HDL), yakafanana neiyo inoshandiswa kuneapplication-specific integrated circuit(ASIC).Madhiyamu edunhudzaimboshandiswa kutsanangura gadziriso, asi izvi zviri kuwedzera kushomeka nekuda kwekuuya kweelectronic design otomatikizvishandiso.

FPGAs ine hurongwa hweprogrammable logic blocks, uye hierarchy ye reconfigurable interconnects inobvumira mabhuroko kuti abatanidzwe pamwechete.Logic blocks inogona kugadzirwa kuti iite yakaomamubatanidzwa mabasa, kana kuita sezviri nyoremagedhi anonzwisisikakufananaUYEuyeXOR.MumaFPGA mazhinji, logic blocks inosanganisirawondangariro zvinhu, izvo zvingave zviri nyoreflip-flopskana mamwe mabhuroko akazara endangariro.^[1]MaFPGA mazhinji anogona kurongwazve kuti aite akasiyanalogic mabasa, kubvumira kuchinjikareconfigurable computingsezvaitwa mukomputa software.

MaFPGA ane basa rinoshamisa mukatiembedded systemkusimudzira nekuda kwekugona kwavo kutanga system software kuvandudza panguva imwe chete nehardware, gonesa masisitimu ekuita kwemaitiro panguva yekutanga nhanho yebudiriro, uye bvumidza kwakasiyana-siyana kuyedzwa kwehurongwa uye dhizaini yedhizaini isati yapedzisa hurongwa hwekuvaka.^[2]

Nhoroondo[edit]

Iyo FPGA indasitiri yakamera kubvaprogrammable kuverenga-chete memory(PROM) uyeprogrammable logic zvishandiso(PLDs).MaPROM nemaPLD ese aive nesarudzo yekuve akarongwa mumabhechi mufekitori kana mumunda (munda-inorongwa).^[3]

Alterayakavambwa muna 1983 uye yakaunza iyo indasitiri yekutanga reprogrammable logic mudziyo muna 1984 - iyo EP300 - iyo yairatidza hwindo requartz mupakeji raibvumira vashandisi kuvhenekera mwenje we-ultra-violet pafa kuti udzime.EPROMmaseru aive akabata magadzirirwo emudziyo.^[4]

Xilinxyakagadzira yekutanga inotengeswa mumunda-inorongwagate arraymuna 1985^[3]- iyo XC2064.^[5]Iyo XC2064 yaive nemagedhi anogoneka uye anorongwa anopindirana pakati pemagedhi, kutanga kwehunyanzvi hutsva uye musika.^[6]Iyo XC2064 yaive ne64 inogadziriswa logic blocks (CLBs), ine maviri matatu-yekupinda.tarisa matafura(LUTs).^[7]

Muna 1987, theNaval Surface Warfare Centeryakabhadhara mari yekuyedza yakarongwa naSteve Casselman kugadzira komputa yaizoshandisa 600,000 magedhi anogona kurongwa zvakare.Casselman akabudirira uye patent ine chekuita nehurongwa yakapihwa muna 1992.^[3]

Altera naXilinx vakaramba vasingapikiswe uye vakakurumidza kukura kubva muna 1985 kusvika pakati pema1990 apo vakwikwidzi vakakura, vachibvisa chikamu chakakosha chemusika wavo.Pakazosvika 1993, Actel (ikozvinoMicrosemi) yakanga ichipa chikamu che18 muzana chemusika.^[6]

Ma1990 yaive nguva yekukura nekukurumidza kweFPGAs, zvese mukutenderera kwedunhu uye huwandu hwekugadzira.Mukutanga ma1990s, maFPGA ainyanya kushandiswa mukatitelecommunicationsuyenetworking.Pakupera kwemakore gumi, maFPGA akawana nzira yavo muvatengi, mota, uye maindasitiri ekushandisa.^[8]

Pakazosvika 2013, Altera (31 muzana), Actel (gumi muzana) uye Xilinx (36 muzana) pamwe chete vakamiririra chikamu makumi manomwe nenomwe muzana chemusika weFPGA.^[9]

Makambani akaita seMicrosoft atanga kushandisa FPGAs kumhanyisa kuita kwepamusoro-soro, computationally akasimba masisitimu (sengedata centersvanoshanda zvavoBing yekutsvaga injini), nokuda kwekushanda pa wattmukana FPGAs kuunza.^[10]Microsoft yakatanga kushandisa FPGAs kuaccelerateBing muna 2014, uye muna 2018 akatanga kuendesa maFPGAs kune mamwe ma data data data kuremerwa kwavo.Azure cloud computingplatform.^[11]

Nguva dzinotevera dzinoratidza kufambira mberi mune dzakasiyana siyana dzeFPGA dhizaini:

Gates

• 1987: 9,000 magedhi, Xilinx^[6]
• 1992: 600,000, Naval Surface Warfare Department^[3]
• Pakutanga 2000s: mamiriyoni^[8]
• 2013: 50 mamiriyoni, Xilinx^[12]

Saizi yemusika

• 1985: Kutanga kutengesa FPGA : Xilinx XC2064^[5][6]
• 1987: $ 14 mamiriyoni^[6]
• c.1993: > $385 mamiriyoni^{[6][kutadza kuona]}
• 2005: $ 1.9 bhiriyoni^[13]
• 2010 inofungidzira: $ 2.75 mabhiriyoni^[13]
• 2013: $ 5.4 mabhiriyoni^[14]
• 2020 fungidziro: $9.8 bhiriyoni^[14]

Kugadzira kunotanga

Adhizaini kutangadhizaini nyowani yekushandisa paFPGA.

• 2005: 80,000^[15]
• 2008: 90,000^[16]

Dhizaini[edit]

Contemporary FPGAs vane zviwanikwa zvakakura zvemagedhi anonzwisisikauye RAM mabhuroki ekushandisa akaomarara edhijitari computations.Sezvo FPGA madhizaini anoshandisa nekukurumidza I/O mareti uye bidirectional datamabhazi, zvinova zvinonetsa kuona nguva chaiyo yedata iripo mukati menguva yekuseta uye kubata nguva.

Kuronga pasiinogonesa kugovaniswa kwezviwanikwa mukati meFPGAs kusangana nezvipingaidzo zvenguva.FPGAs inogona kushandiswa kuita chero basa rine musoro iro anASICanogona kuita.Iko kugona kugadzirisa mashandiro mushure mekutumira,chidimbu chekugadzirisa zvakarechechikamu chekugadzira^[17]uye iyo yakaderera isingadzokeri inodhura yeinjiniya ine hukama neiyo ASIC dhizaini (zvisinei iyo yakakwira mutengo weyuniti), inopa zvakanakira kune akawanda maapplication.^[1]

Mamwe maFPGA ane analog maficha kuwedzera kumabasa edhijitari.Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa analog ficha ndeye programmableakauraya ratepapini yega yega inobuda, ichibvumira mainjiniya kuti aise mitengo yakaderera pamapini akaremerwa angadaroringkanavavirizvisingagamuchirwi, uye kuseta mareti akakwirira pamapini akaremerwa zvakanyanya pamatanho anomhanya-mhanya angadai achimhanya zvishoma nezvishoma.^[18][19]Zvakare zvakajairika ndeye quartz-crystal oscillators, pa-chip resistance-capacitance oscillators, uyephase-locked loopsnezvakamisikidzwavoltage-inodzorwa oscillatorsinoshandiswa pakugadzira wachi uye manejimendi pamwe neyepamusoro-speed serializer-deserializer (SERDES) kutumira wachi uye inogamuchira wachi yekudzoreredza.Zvakakwana zvakajairika zvakasiyanavaenzanisipamapini ekupinza akagadzirwa kuti abatanidzwe nawokusiyana kwechiratidzochannels.Zvishoma "musanganiswa chiratidzoFPGAs ”akabatanidza peripheralanalog-to-digital converters(ADCs) uyedigital-to-analog converters(DACs) ine analog sign conditioning blocks inovabvumira kushanda seasystem-on-a-chip(SoC).^[20]Midziyo yakadaro inodzima mutsara pakati peFPGA, inotakura madhijitari uye zero pane yayo yemukati programmable interconnect jira, uyefield-programmable analog array(FPAA), iyo inotakura hunhu hweanalog pane yayo yemukati programmable yekubatanidza machira.