01 Nhoroondo yekukura kweMCU
MCU, microcontroller, ine zita rinonyatsozivikanwa: single-chip microcomputer.
Nzvimbo inotapira ndeyekufambisa seti yekutanga komputa system kune chip, kusanganisira iyo yemukati vhezheni yeCPU RAM ROM IO counter serial port, kunyangwe kuita kwacho kwacho kusiri kwakakura sekombuta, asi ine simba shoma rinogona kurongwa uye inochinjika, saka mumagetsi emutengi, indasitiri yezvekurapa kutaurirana Mota dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa.
Yakaberekwa muna 1971, Intel yakagadzira microprocessor yekutanga yenyika - nhamba 4004 4-bit chip, iyi chip inobatanidza zvinopfuura 2,000 transistors, uye Intel yakagadzirawo 4001, 4002, 4003 chips, RAM, ROM uye mabhuku.
Zvigadzirwa zvina izvi pazvakaenda pamusika, Intel akanyora muchiziviso ichi "Zivisai nguva itsva yemasekete akabatanidzwa: macomputer akadzikiswa pane imwechete chip."Panguva iyoyo, minicomputers uye mainframes ainyanya 8-bit uye 16-bit processors, saka Intel munguva pfupi yakatanga 8-bit microprocessor 8008 muna 1972 kukurumidza kuhwina musika, kuvhura nguva ye single-chip microcomputers.
Muna 1976, Intel yakatanga nyika yekutanga programmable microcomputer controller 8748, iyo inobatanidza 8-bit CPU, 8-bit parallel I/O, 8-bit counter, RAM, ROM, zvichingodaro, inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zve general indasitiri kutonga uye. instrumentation, inomiririrwa ne8748, ichivhura kuongororwa kwe-single-chip microcomputers mumunda weindasitiri.
Mumakore ekuma1980, 8-bit single-chip microcomputers dzakatanga kukura, RAM neROM simba rakawedzera, kazhinji ne serial interfaces, multi-level interrupt processing systems, multiple 16-bit counters, nezvimwewo. Muna 1983, Intel yakatanga MCS. -96 series ye16-bit high-performance microcontrollers, ine 120,000 yakabatanidzwa transistors.
Kubva kuma1990, iyo single-chip microcomputer yakapinda muchikamu chezana zvikoro zvekufunga, mukuita, kumhanya, kuvimbika, kubatanidzwa mukutumbuka kwakazara, zvichienderana nenhamba yezvimedu zvebhazi kana data rerejista, kubva pakutanga 4 bits. zvishoma nezvishoma zvakagadziridzwa, iine 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit uye 64-bit single-chip microcomputers.
Parizvino, iyo seti yekuraira yeMCUs inonyanya kukamurwa kuita CISC uye RISC, uye musimboti wekuvaka unonyanya kuve ARM Cortex, Intel 8051 uye RISC-V.
Zvinoenderana ne2020 China General Microcontroller (MCU) Market Brief, 32-bit MCU zvigadzirwa zvinosvika makumi mashanu neshanu muzana emusika, zvichiteverwa ne8-bit zvigadzirwa, zvichiverengera 43%, 4-bit zvigadzirwa zvinoverengera 2%, 16. -bit products accounting for 1%, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ose mumusika ndeye 32-bit uye 8-bit MCUs, uye nzvimbo yemusika yezvigadzirwa zve 16-bit MCU yakasvinwa zvakanyanya.
CISC yekuraira seti zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 24% yemusika, RISC yekuraira seti zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 76% yemusika mainstream zvigadzirwa;Intel 8051 core products yakaverengerwa 22% yemusika, ichiteverwa neArM Cortex-M0 zvigadzirwa, accounting ye20%, ARM Cortex-M3 zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 14%, ARM Cortex-M4 zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa gumi nemaviri%, ARM Cortex-M0+ zvigadzirwa. yakaverengerwa 5%, ARM Cortex-M23 zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 1%, RISC-V core zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 1%, uye vamwe vakaverengera 24%.ARM Cortex-M0+ zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 5%, ARM Cortex-M23 zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 1%, RISC-V core zvigadzirwa zvakaverengerwa 1%, uye vamwe vakaverengera 24%.Pakazara, ARM Cortex akateedzana cores account ye52% yemusika mukuru.
Musika weMCU wanga uchitarisana nekuderera kwemutengo wakakura mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, asi mutengo wayo wepakati wekutengesa (ASP) kuderera kwave kuderera mumakore mashanu apfuura.Mushure mekuona kudzikira kweindasitiri yemotokari, kushaya simba kwehupfumi hwenyika, uye dambudziko redenda, musika weMCU wakatanga kupora muna 2020. Maererano neIC Insights, kutakurwa kweMCU kwakawedzera ne8% muna 2020, uye huwandu hweMCU hwakatumirwa muna 2021 hwakawedzera kusvika. 12%, rekodhi yakakwirira ye30.9 bhiriyoni, nepo ASPs yakasimukawo 10%, iyo yakanyanya kuwedzera mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu.
IC Insights inotarisira kutakurwa kweMCU kusvika 35.8 bhiriyoni mayunitsi mumakore mashanu anotevera, nekutengesa kwakazara kwemadhora mazana maviri nemazana maviri emadhora.Pakati peizvi, 32-bit MCU yekutengesa inotarisirwa kusvika madhora mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nekukura kwegore negore kukura kwe9.4%, 16-bit MCUs inotarisirwa kusvika $ 4.7 bhiriyoni, uye 4-bit MCUs haitarisirwi kuratidza kukura.
02 Mota MCU inopenga kupfuura
Zvemagetsi zvemotokari ndiyo hombe yekushandisa mamiriro eMCUs.IC Insights inotarisira kutengesa kwepasirese kweMCU kukura 10% kusvika kune rekodhi $21.5 bhiriyoni muna 2022, nemotokari dzeMCU dzinokura kupfuura mimwe misika mizhinji.
Zvinopfuura makumi mana muzana ekutengesa kweMCU kunobva kumagetsi emotokari, uye kutengeswa kwemotokari MCU kunotarisirwa kukura paCAGR ye7.7% mumakore mashanu anotevera, ichipfuura maMCUs (7.3%).
Parizvino, mota dzeMCUs dzinonyanya 8-bit, 16-bit uye 32-bit, uye akasiyana mabhiti eMCU anotamba mabasa akasiyana.
Zvakananga:
Iyo 8-bit MCU inonyanya kushandiswa kune zvakaringana kudzora mabasa, sekutonga kwezvigaro, air conditioners, mafeni, windows, uye magonhi ekudzora mamodule.
Iyo 16-bit MCU inonyanya kushandiswa kune yakaderera muviri, senge injini, mabhureki emagetsi, suspension system uye mamwe masimba uye masisitimu ekutapurirana.
Iyo 32-bit MCU inoenderana nehungwaru hwemotokari uye inonyanya kushandiswa kune yakakwirira-yekupedzisira hungwaru uye yakachengeteka mamiriro ekushandisa senge cockpit varaidzo, ADAS, uye kudzora muviri.
Panguva ino, 8-bit MCUs ari kukura mukuita uye ndangariro kugona, uye nemutengo wavo wega, vanogona kutsiva mamwe gumi nematanhatu-bit MCU mumashandisirwo uye zvakare ari kumashure anoenderana ne4-bit MCUs.Iyo 32-bit MCU ichatamba inowedzera yakakosha tenzi kutonga basa mune yese mota E/E architecture, iyo inogona kubata mana akapararira akaderera-ekupedzisira uye epakati-renji ECU mayuniti, uye huwandu hwekushandisa hucharamba huchiwedzera.
Mamiriro ari pamusoro apa anoita kuti 16-bit MCU ive isingaite, kwete yakakwirira asi yakaderera, asi mune mamwe mamiriro ekushandisa, ichiri kubatsira, senge mamwe makiyi ekushandisa emagetsi masystem.
Hungwaru hwemotokari hwakawedzera zvakanyanya kudiwa kwe32-bit MCUs, inopfuura zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvemotokari dzeMCU dzinotengeswa dzichibva ku32-bit MCUs muna 2021, inotarisirwa kusvika madhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mapfumbamwe emadhora;16-bit MCUs ichaita mari inosvika 1.34 bhiriyoni mumari;uye 8-bit MCUs ichaita mari inosvika mazana mana nemakumi mana nerimwe emadhora mumari, sekureva kweMcClean chirevo.
Padanho rekunyorera, infotainment ndiyo mamiriro ekushandisa ane yakanyanya gore-pamusoro-gore kuwedzera kwekutengesa kwemotokari MCU, ne59% kukura muna 2021 zvichienzaniswa ne2020, uye 20% kukura kwemari kune asara mamiriro.
Ikozvino zvese zvemagetsi kutonga kwemota kushandisa ECU (electronic control unit), uye MCU ndiyo core control chip ECU, ECU yega yega ine MCU imwe chete, saka nhanho iripo yeshanduko nekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi ane hungwaru yakakurudzira kudiwa kwemagetsi. Kushandiswa kwemotokari imwe chete yeMCU kuwedzera.
Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuDhipatimendi Rekutsvagisa reMotokari Yekushambadzira Nyanzvi Komiti yeChina Marketing Institute, avhareji nhamba yeECU inotakurwa neyakajairwa mota dzemafuta edzimotokari makumi manomwe;huwandu hweECU hunotakurwa nemotokari dzemhando yepamusoro dzemafuta dzinogona kusvika zana nemakumi mashanu nekuda kwepamusoro pekuita zvinodiwa pazvigaro, kudzora kwepakati uye varaidzo, kugadzikana kwemuviri uye kuchengeteka;uye avhareji yenhamba yeECUs inotakurwa nemotokari dzakangwara inogona kusvika mazana matatu nekuda kwesoftware nyowani uye zvinodiwa zvehardware zvekutyaira wakazvimirira uye kutyaira kunobatsirwa, izvo zvinoenderana nehuwandu hweMCU inoshandiswa nemotokari imwe chete ichasvikawo kupfuura mazana matatu.
Iko kudiwa kwakasimba kweMCUs kubva kune automaker kunonyanya kuoneka muna 2021, kana paine kushomeka kwemacores nekuda kwedenda.Gore iroro, makambani mazhinji emotokari aifanira kuvhara muchidimbu mamwe mitsara yekugadzira nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemacores, asi kutengeswa kwemotokari dzeMCU kwakakwira 23% kusvika 7.6 bhiriyoni, rekodhi yakakwira.
Mazhinji emota machipisi anogadzirwa achishandisa 8-inch wafers, vamwe vagadziri vakaita seTI kusvika 12-inch mutsara wekufambisa, IDM ichavewo chikamu chesimba rekubuda kunze kwekutanga, iyo inotongwa neMCU, ingangoita makumi manomwe muzana yehuwandu neTSMC. .Nekudaro, bhizinesi remotokari pacharo rinoverengera chikamu chidiki cheTSMC, uye TSMC inotarisa pane yepamusoro process tekinoroji munda wevatengi zvemagetsi, saka musika wemotokari weMCU inonyanya kushomeka.
Kushomeka kwemachipisi emota anotungamirwa neindasitiri yese semiconductor kwakaunzawo mafungu ekuwedzera, iwo makuru ekutanga uye IDM zvidyarwa kuti zviwedzere kugadzirwa, asi kutarisa kwakasiyana.
TSMC Kumamoto chirimwa chinotarisirwa kuiswa mukupera kwa2024, mukuwedzera kune iyo 22/28nm maitiro, ichapa 12 uye 16nm maitiro, uye Nanjing chirimwa chichawedzera kugadzirwa kusvika 28nm, ine mwedzi wekugadzira kugadzirwa kwe. 40,000 zvidimbu;
SMIC inoronga kuwedzera kugadzirwa neanosvika zviuru makumi mana nezvishanu zvema 8-inch wafers uye angangoita zviuru gumi nezviviri 12-inch wafers muna 2021, uye kuvaka tambo yekugadzira 12-inch ine huwandu hwepamwedzi hwe120,000 wafers muLingang, yakatarisana neiyo 28nm uye pamusoro node.
Huahong anotarisira kukurumidza kuwedzera 12-inch kugadzira kugona kusvika 94,500 zvidimbu muna 2022;
Renesas yakazivisa chikamu chayo muTsMC's Kumamoto chirimwa nechinangwa chekuwedzera basa rekutengesa, uye ine chinangwa chekuwedzera mota dzeMCU ne50% panosvika 2023, ine yepamusoro-yekupedzisira MCU huwandu hunotarisirwa kuwedzera ne50% uye yakaderera-yekupedzisira MCU huwandu ne70%. zvichienzaniswa nekupera kwa2021.
STMicroelectronics ichaisa mari inosvika bhiriyoni imwe nemazana mana emadhora muna 2022 kuti iwedzere, uye inoronga kupeta kaviri huwandu hwezvidyarwa zvayo zvekuEurope panosvika 2025, kunyanya kuwedzera 12-inch simba, uye ne8-inch kugona, STMicroelectronics ichasarudza kusimudzira zvigadzirwa zvisingade gumi nemaviri-. inch tekinoroji.
Texas Instruments ichawedzera zvirimwa zvina zvitsva, chirimwa chekutanga chinotarisirwa kuiswa mukushanda muna 2025, uye chechitatu nechina chirimwa chichavakwa pakati pa2026 na2030;
PANE Semiconductor yakawedzera mari yayo yekudyara kusvika 12%, kunyanya ye12-inch wafer capacity yekuwedzera.
IC njere dzine data rinonakidza iro ASP yeese makumi matatu nemaviri MCUs iri kudzikira paCAGR ye -4.4% gore-pa-gore pakati pa 2015 na 2020, asi inokwira ingangoita gumi nenhatu kusvika pamadhora 0.72 muna 2021. , kuderera kwemutengo wemotokari MCU kunonyanya kuoneka: iyo NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH ine mutengo wakamira wemadhora makumi maviri nemaviri akakwira kusvika kumadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu, huwandu hweanopfuura ka20, yaive imwe yeakanyanya kushomeka machipisi emotokari panguva iyoyo.
Infineon 32-bit mota MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC yakanga yakwira kusvika pa4,500 yuan, kuwedzera kanoda kuita zana, iwo akafanana akatevedzana eSAK-TC275T-64F200N DC akakwirawo kupfuura zviuru zviviri zvemayuan.
Kune rimwe divi, zvekutanga zvinopisa zvemagetsi zvevatengi zvakatanga kudzika, izvo zvisina kusimba zvinodiwa, pamwe nekukasira kwekutsiva mudzimba, kuita chinangwa chakazara, mutengo weMCU wevatengi udzoke pasi, mamwe ST chip modhi seF0/F1/F3. mitengo yakatevedzana yakasvika pamutengo wakajairika, uye kunyangwe runyerekupe rwemusika kuti mutengo wemamwe maMCU wadonha kuburikidza nemutengo weagency.
Nekudaro, mota dzeMCU dzakaita seRenesas, NXP, Infineon, uye ST dzichiri mumamiriro ekushomeka.Semuenzaniso, mutengo weST's high-performance 32-bit MCU STM32H743VIT6 wakakwira kusvika pa600 yuan pakupera kwegore rapfuura, nepo mutengo wayo waingova 48 yuan makore maviri apfuura.Kuwedzera kunopfuura ka10;Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC mutengo wemusika muna Gumiguru gore rapfuura ungangoita $1200, Zvita inopa kusvika kumadhora mazana matatu nemakumi matatu, uye kunyangwe pamawebhusaiti ebato rechitatu anopa anopfuura zviuru mazana mashanu emadhora.
03 Musika wakakura, uye kugadzirwa kwemumba kudiki
Iyo MCU yemakwikwi enzvimbo inotongwa nehofori dzemhiri kwemakungwa seyese semiconductor yemakwikwi nharaunda.Muna 2021, vatengesi vashanu vepamusoro veMCU vaive NXP, Microchip, Renesas, ST, uye Infineon.Ava vashanu vatengesi veMCU vakaita 82.1% yekutengesa kwepasirese, zvichienzaniswa ne72.2% muna 2016, nehukuru hwemakambani makuru ari kukura mumakore achangopfuura.
Zvichienzaniswa nevatengi uye maindasitiri MCU, mota yeMCU certification pachikumbaridzo chakakwira uye nguva yekupihwa yakareba, iyo certification system inosanganisira ISO26262 standard certification, AEC-Q001 ~ 004 uye IATF16949 standard certification, AEC-Q100/Q104 chiyero pane ISO26262 certification. kuchengetedzwa kwemotokari kunoshanda kwakakamurwa kuita mana mazinga eASIL-A kusvika kuD. Semuenzaniso, chasi uye zvimwe zviitiko zvine yakanyanya kuchengetedza zvinodiwa uye zvinoda ASIL-D level certification, vashoma vanogadzira chip vanogona kusangana nemamiriro acho.
Sekureva kweData rekuongorora dhata, musika wepasi rose wemotokari weMCU unonyanya kugarwa neNXP, Renesas, Infineon, Texas Instruments, Microchip, ine chikamu chemusika che85%.Kunyangwe 32-bit MCUs ichiri kutongwa nehofori dzemhiri kwemakungwa, mamwe makambani epamba akasimuka.
04 Mhedziso
Iko kukurumidza kusimudzira kweakangwara mota dzemagetsi, saka nhamba yevatengi chip vanogadzira vabatana, senge Nvidia, Qualcomm, Intel vanga vari muhungwaru cockpit, kuzvitonga kutyaira chip budiriro, kudzvanya nzvimbo yekupona yekare vagadziri vemotokari chip.Kuvandudzwa kwemotokari dzeMCU kwabva pakutarisa kuzvisimudzira uye kuvandudzwa kwekuita kusvika kumakwikwi ese ekudzikisa mutengo uchichengetedza zvakanakira tekinoroji.
Iine mota E / E dhizaini kubva pakugoverwa kuenda kukutonga domain, uye pakupedzisira yakanangana pakati pekubatanidza, pachave nekuwedzera uye yakawanda-inoshanda uye yakapusa yakaderera-yekupedzisira chip ichatsiviwa, yakakwirira-kuita, yakakwirira komputa simba uye imwe yakakwirira-kuguma. machipisi anozove akatarisana neamangwana emotokari chip makwikwi, sezvo basa guru rekutonga reMCU neremangwana ECU kuderedzwa kwenhamba idiki, senge Tesla chassis control ECU, imwe chete ine 3-4 MCU, asi rimwe basa riri nyore re iyo yakakosha MCU ichabatanidzwa.Pakazere, musika wemotokari MCUs uye nzvimbo yekutsiva mudzimba mumakore anouya pasina mubvunzo yakakura.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-01-2023