Kunetsana kweIsrael nePalestine kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera.Kubva munaGumiguru 14, 2023, Bazi rezvehutano rePalestine rakataura kuti kutenderera kwazvino kweIsrael-Palestine kukakavara kwakauraya 1,949 Palestine uye kukuvadza vanopfuura zviuru zvisere nemazana matanhatu.Masosi eIsrael anoisa huwandu hwevanhu vafa vanopfuura chiuru nemazana matatu uye huwandu hwevakakuvadzwa vanosvika zviuru zvitatu nemazana mana nemakumi mana nenomwe.
Kukanganisa kwekupokana kwapararira kune chip supply chain, uye zvinonzi kugadzirwa uye mashandiro ekugadzirisa muIsrael emagetsi ekupa cheni akakanganiswawo.
Israeri, "nyika diki" iri muMiddle East renje, ichokwadi "chipumambo".Munzvimbo iyi, kune makambani echip chip anoda kusvika mazana maviri, uye makambani makuru epasi rose ari kuita mabasa ekutsvagisa nekusimudzira muIsrael, uye kune machira akati wandei muIsrael.
Chii chinoita kuti Israeri ave “umambo hwepamusoro”?
01. Israeri haisi "chikomborero" chesemiconductors
Israel, zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvegwenga, ine vanhu vasingasviki mamiriyoni gumi.
Nyika diki yakadaro ine mamiriro asina kunaka ine mazana maviri emakambani chip, achiunza pamwe chete nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa nekusimudzira dzehofori dzakaita seApple, Samsung, Qualcomm, uye kuvimba nemaindasitiri epamusoro-soro kuti ive nyika chete yakasimukira muMiddle East.
Israeri yakazviita sei, uye chii chakaitika kune yayo semiconductor indasitiri?
Anopfuura makore 3 000 apfuura, muporofita Mosesi akatungamirira vaJudha kubuda muEgipita kuenda kuKanani, pakati poRwizi rwaNire neYufratesi, iyo vaidavira kuti yakanga iri “Nyika Yakapikirwa” yaMwari yomukaka nouchi.
Mushure mekukundwa nehumambo hweRoma, vanhu vechiJudha vakatanga kudzungaira kwemakore anopfuura 2 000.Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muna 1948 apo nyika yeIsraeri yakagadzwa, nyika zhinjisa yechiJudha pakupedzisira yakagadzwa, uye vaJudha vakadzokera ku“Nyika Yakapikirwa” yavo.
Asi vaIsraeri vakanga vasina mukaka nouchi.
Ndiyo chete nyika muMiddle East isina mafuta uye gasi, ine nharaunda chete 25,700 mativi emakiromita, ivhu rakashata, kushaya mvura, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kukakavara pakati penyika dzakapoteredza dzeArab hakuna kugadziriswa, zvinogona kutaurwa. kuti migariro yomuzvarirwo yaIsraeri haina betsero.
Nekudaro, Israel ndiyo chete nyika yakasimukira muMiddle East, iine per capita GDP yemadhora makumi mashanu nemakumi manomwe nenomwe muna 54,710, iri pachigumi neina pasirese.
Kunyatsoongorora chimiro cheIsrael maindasitiri, muna 2022, iyo indasitiri yepamusoro yakaverengera makumi manomwe muzana eiyo GDP yakazara, iyo yepamusoro-tech sevhisi indasitiri yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yechinyakare indasitiri yebasa.Nepamusoro-tekinoroji yekutengesa kunze kwenyika inoverengera makumi mashanu neshanu muzana ezvese zveIsrael zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2021, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti indasitiri yepamusoro-soro ndiyo musana wehupfumi hweIsrael.Iyo semiconductor indasitiri, iyo inoverengera 16 muzana yemhando yepamusoro-tech inotengeswa kunze kwenyika, inzvimbo inopenya.
Nhoroondo yeIsrael semiconductor haisati yatanga, asi yakakurumidza kukura, uye yave inotungamira pasi rose semiconductor dunhu munguva pfupi.
Muna 1964, mugadziri wemidziyo yekufonera yekuAmerica akamisa yekutanga semiconductor yekutsvagisa nekusimudzira nzvimbo muIsrael, zvichiratidza kutanga kweindasitiri yesemiconductor muIsrael.
Muna 1974, kambani yechipiri yepasirese hombe semiconductor, ine dzimbahwe muSanta Clara, California, yakanyengetedzwa nevashandi vayo veIsrael kuti vavhure muzinda wayo wekutanga weR&D kunze kweUnited States muHaifa, Israel.Kubva ipapo, indasitiri yeIsrael semiconductor yakatanga.
Makumi emakore gare gare, maIsrael semiconductors anhasi ave simba rekuverengerwa.Muhuwandu hwevanhu vasingasviki mamirioni gumi, kune vanopfuura zviuru makumi matatu mainjiniya echipi uye makambani anoda kusvika mazana maviri, ayo anofambisa basa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga.
02. Israel umambo hwekutanga hwemasemiconductors, asi hapana makambani makuru echipi kubva kuIsrael.
Israeri inzvimbo diki yepasi, renje, zviwanikwa zvisina kunaka, haisi nyika yekushandisa, haigone kugadzira semiconductor zvinhu.Zvichienderana nemamiriro enzvimbo, indasitiri yeIsrael semiconductor ine hunhu hwakasiyana: chekutanga, chip design;Chechipiri, mazhinji acho madiki uye epakati nepakati, asina hofori dzenzvimbo;Yechitatu ndeyekutsvaga nzira pakati peChina neUnited States uye kutarisa nezvebhizinesi.
Chikonzero chekugadzira chip chiri nyore kwazvo kunzwisisa, haigone kuita zvidhinha pasina uswa!Nyika yeIsrael haina zvigadziro, uye inogona kuvimba chete nemafungiro akajeka evaIsraeri kuti vatore nzira yepamusoro yekugadzira nzira.
Chip dhizaini ndiwo mweya weIsrael semiconductor indasitiri.Zvinoenderana nehuwandu, Israel ine inosvika 8% yepasirese chip design tarenda uye makambani ekutsvagisa nekusimudzira.Pamusoro pezvo, muna 2021, makambani makumi matatu nemanomwe emarudzi akawanda muIsrael ari kushanda muindasitiri yesemiconductor.
Miti yekugadzira yeIsrael ishoma, asi haisipo.Israel parizvino ine mashanu mawafer foundries.Mumidziyo yesemiconductor, kune makambani emarudzi akawanda pamwe nemakambani emuno.
Naizvozvo, kuumbwa kwazvino kweIsrael chip indasitiri chain inonyanya kuumbwa neasina fabless chip dhizaini makambani, nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa uye dzekusimudzira dzemakambani emarudzi akawanda, makambani emidziyo yesemiconductor uye mashoma mafekitori.
Nekudaro, hofori zhinji kwazvo dziri muIsrael marongerwo, nei Israel isati yabereka hofori yakadaro?
Zvizhinji zveizvi zvine chekuita nemashandisirwo anoitwa mabhizinesi eIsrael.
Israel inyika ine hupfumi hwepamusoro.Neanopfuura zviuru zvinomwe zvemakambani ehunyanzvi hwekugadzira tekinoroji, Israel ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwekutanga pasirese, zvakaenzana ne1 muzvinabhizimusi pamunhu 1,400 yega yega, uye chiyero chekutanga-chekutanga hachina kukwikwidza.
Muindasitiri yesemiconductor, muna 2020, Israel yakatora nzvimbo yechipiri pasirese maererano nehuwandu hwekutanga semiconductor, mushure meUnited States.
Nekuti ivo vanofarira hunyanzvi uye "mafambiro matsva" zvakanyanya, semiconductor elites muIsrael vakagadzira yavo semiconductor makambani, vachitarisa akawanda emunharaunda chip giants, kwete kuva kana kupfuura, asi kuwana!
Naizvozvo, nzira yemakambani mazhinji eIsrael semiconductor yakaita seizvi: gadzira yekutanga - budiriro mumunda - wakawanikwa nehofori - tanga denderedzwa rinotevera rebhizimusi.
Nechikonzero ichi, mazhinji emazana eIsrael mazana emakambani ekutanga-semiconductor akatarisana nehunyanzvi hwekupukuta kwete bhizinesi nekushanda.
Zvakare, tarisa zvakanyanya pamusika wesemiconductor muIsrael.Memoryinoverengera chikamu chikuru chemusika weIsrael semiconductor, ichiteverwa nesimba manejimendi ics, logic chips, PaScreen Display, uyeanalog chips.
Musika mukuru kwazvo wemasemiconductors muIsrael ndeyekugadzirisa data, inoteverwa nekutaurirana, maindasitiri, zvemagetsi zvevatengi uyeautonomous driving.
Mushure mekuwana nzira yayo, Israel semiconductor yakakura zvishoma nezvishoma gore negore, uye zvinotarisirwa kuti mari yemusika yeIsrael semiconductor inogona kusvika $ 1.14 bhiriyoni muna 2023. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti China ndiyo misika huru yevatengi yeIsrael semiconductors.
Muna 2018, pakabuda mutambo weSino-US, kutengeswa kweIsrael semiconductor kuenda kuChina kwakawedzera ne80%, uye semiconductors yakangoerekana yave chikamu chakakosha chehukama hwehupfumi pakati peChina neIsrael, uye data yazvino inoratidza kuti China ichiri yakakura. mutengesi wemachipisi eIsrael muna 2021.
03. Israel ine tarenda rakakwana uye mari yekutsigira Israel Semiconductor
“Mamiriro ezvinhu omuzvarirwo” aIsraeri akashata zvikuru, nei Israeri achigona kuva umambo hwakashata?
Mhinduro pfupi ndeiyi: yakapfuma uye yakanyatsobatanidzwa.
Hazvina mhosva kuti ndeipi nzira yebasa.Capital inogara iri chinhu chakakosha mukusimudzira mabhizinesi, kunyanya muindasitiri yesemiconductor.
Semiconductor indasitiri inoda kuramba ichipisa mari, uye kukanda mari yakawanda hakurevi kuti kune mhedzisiro, ibhizimusi rekudzoka uye rine njodzi.Kutanga-up semiconductor makambani anoda kurarama, hazvisi nyore, kukanganisa kunogona kuparadzwa, kukanganisa kushivirira kwakaderera zvikuru.
Panguva ino, basa re venture capital rakakosha zvikuru.Venture capital inoreva kudyara kwevanoisa mari vane simba remari kuti vatsigire mabhizinesi nehunyanzvi tekinoroji uye tarisiro yakanaka yekusimudzira musika, asi kushomeka kwemari yekutanga, uye kutakura njodzi yekutadza kwekudyara mudanho rekutanga.
Kukura kwesainzi yepasirese uye tekinoroji - Silicon Valley, kiyi yekubudirira kwayo ndeye yakakura venture capital ecosystem, iyo inovandudza zvakanyanya mwero wekushivirira kwemakambani ekutanga, uye inopa pekugara kumakambani ekutanga.
Uye Tel Aviv, guta guru reIsrael, senzvimbo yekuunganidzira mari, ine dhigirii repamusoro rekuita mutekinoroji kuyerera (project flow of innovation ecology), yechipiri chete kuSilicon Valley.Maererano neshumo, 11 muzana yepasi rose VC investment muIndasitiri 4.0 yakaenda kumakambani eIsrael.Muna 2021, huwandu hwemari yakasimwa muIsrael yakasvika madhora zviuru gumi nemazana masere emadhora, kakapetwa makumi maviri nemasere iyo yeUnited States, uye huwandu hwemari yakasimwa muIsrael muna 2022, kunyangwe yadzikira, yakasvika madhora bhiriyoni masere.
Pamusoro pekuwanda kwemari, hurumende yeIsrael yakapawo mitemo yekudzivirira pamwe nemari yekutanga.
Kare muna 1984, Israel yakapasa Kurudziro yeIndasitiri Yekutsvagisa uye Kuvandudza Mutemo, kana "R&D Mutemo."
Pasi pemutemo uyu, mapurojekiti eOCS-akatenderwa eR&D anozadzisa mamwe maitiro uye anotenderwa neHofisi yeMukuru Sainzi anokodzera kuwana mari inosvika makumi mashanu muzana emari yakabvumidzwa.Mukuchinjana, mugamuchiri anosungirwa kubhadhara OCS royalties.Anogamuchira anofanira kuendesa marepoti enguva nenguva pamusoro pemari inobhadharwa kuOCS, iyo ine kodzero yekuongorora mabhuku eari kugamuchira.
Panyaya yemutero, Israel inopawo yakasarudzika marongero kumabhizinesi epamusoro-tekinoroji.Muna 1985, mutero wekambani weIsrael wakanga uri 61 muzana;pakazosvika 2022, yakanga yadzika kusvika pa23 muzana.Israel zvakare ine yakakosha Angles Mutemo inopa mutero kurudziro kune vakazvimirira vega mumakambani madiki, kunyanya avo vane tsvakiridzo nekusimudzira.
Israel ine mitemo yekukurudzira R&D uye hunyanzvi, uye yekutarisa kwaishandiswa mari uye nemhedzisiro yemapurojekiti.Ipa mari nerupo, mari inogonawo kushandiswa pamucheto webanga, ita kaviri chigumisiro.
"Rupo" rubatsiro rwehurumende uye indasitiri hombe yemari inoita kuti makambani eIsrael semiconductor "awane mari."
Mukuwedzera kune mari, mumwe munhu anofanira kuzviita.
Inopfuura makumi manomwe muzana yevagari veIsrael imaJuda.Kana zvasvika kumaJuda, "stereotype" yehungwaru hwavo hwepamusoro inomuka pakarepo.
Zvakaoma kutaura kuti vaJudha ndivo vane mazita akakurumbira here, asi ichokwadi kuti vane vanhu vakawanda vakadzidza zvikuru.
Maererano nedata, vaongorori vesainzi veIsrael vanoverengera 6% yehuwandu hwenyika, 135 masayendisiti uye mainjiniya pa10,000 vanhu, kupfuura United States ye85 vanhu, chiyero chekutanga chenyika.77% yevaIsrael vane makore anopfuura gumi nemaviri edzidzo, 20% yevagari vane dhigirii rekuyunivhesiti, uye kune vangangoita mazana maviri ezviuru vadzidzi vekoreji munyika.
Pamusoro pekukoshesa matarenda mazhinji emunzvimbo anoburitswa nedzidzo, Israel inogamuchirawo nhamba huru yevanobva kune dzimwe nyika vakadzidza zvikuru.
MaJuda ane yavo yakasarudzika "kurota kwekudzoreredza", saka mushure mekugadzwa kweIsrael yakazivisa "Mutemo Wekudzoka", ndiko kuti, chero muJudha ari munyika akambotamira kuIsrael, anogona kuwana mugari weIsrael.
VaJudha vakabva kunyika dzakabudirira uye yaimbova Soviet Union vakaunza zvakawanda zvesainzi uye tekinoroji kuIsrael, iyo yakaita basa guru mukuvandudzwa kweIsrael.Ava vabvakure kazhinji vane dhigirii repamusoro redzidzo, kune akawanda akanakisa mainjiniya, matarenda aya akaita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira indasitiri yemhando yepamusoro yeIsrael.
04. Pfupiso
Nharaunda yekare yeKanani, “Nyika Yakapikirwa” yengano, uye Israeri chaiyeiye, yakanga iine inenge “isina chinhu.”
MuMiddle East, iyo iri mugwenga rose, Israel, ine hunyanzvi, capital uye mamwe marongero, yakagadzira iyo yakasarudzika yakashata uye nekukanganisa kwekuzvarwa, uye yave yakatarisana neindasitiri yepasirese semiconductor munguva pfupi.Kuri pachena kuti semiconductor “ngano” yaIsraeri haisi chipikirwa chaMwari, asi zviuru zvaMosesi navazukuru vake.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-24-2023