XC7A50T-1FTG256I Itsva Yekutanga Yemagetsi Zvikamu Akabatanidzwa Masekete

Product Attributes

Mhan'ara Dambudziko reRuzivo rweChigadzirwa

View Similar

Zvinyorwa & Media

Environmental & Export Classifications

Integrated circuit

Dunhu rakasanganiswa kana monolithic integrated circuit (inonziwo IC, chip, kana microchip) seti yemagetsi emagetsipachidimbu chidiki chakafuratirwa (kana kuti “chip”) chesemiconductorzvinhu, kazhinjisilicon.Nhamba huruzvezvidikiMOSFETs(metal-oxide-semiconductormunda-effect transistors) batanidza kuita diki chip.Izvi zvinoguma nemaseketi ari maodha ehukuru madiki, anokurumidza, uye asingadhure pane ayo akavakwa discrete.electronic components.Iwo ICkugadzirwa kwakawandakugona, kuvimbika, uye kuvaka-block nzira yeyakabatanidzwa yedunhu dhizainiyave nechokwadi chekukurumidza kugamuchirwa kweakamisikidzwa ICs panzvimbo yemadhizaini achishandisa discretetransistors.MaICs ave kushandiswa mune dzinenge dzese midziyo yemagetsi uye achinja nyika yezvemagetsi.Makombiyuta,nharembozhanezvimwemidziyo yemumbazvino zvikamu zvisingatsananguriki zvechimiro chevanhu vemazuva ano, chinogoneka nehukuru hudiki uye mutengo wakaderera weICs semazuva ano.mapurosesa emakombutauyemicrocontrollers.

Yakanyanya-yakakura-yakakura-kubatanidzwayakaitwa inoshanda nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji mukatisimbi-oxide-silicon(MOS)semiconductor mudziyo kugadzira.Kubva zvakavamba kuma1960s, saizi, kumhanya, uye kugona kwemachipisi zvakafambira mberi zvakanyanya, zvichifambiswa nehunyanzvi hwekufambira mberi hunoenderana nekuwedzera kweMOS transistors pamachipisi ehukuru hwakafanana - chip yemazuva ano inogona kunge iine mabhiriyoni akawanda eMOS transistors mune imwe nzira. nzvimbo yakakura yenzwara yemunhu.Aya mafambiro, anotevera anoteveraMutemo waMoore, ita kuti machipisi emakombuta anhasi ave nemamiriyoni enguva yekugona uye zviuru zvenguva kumhanya kwemakombuta machipisi ekutanga 1970s.

ICs ine maviri makuru mabhenefiti pamusorodiscrete circuits: mutengo uye kuita.Mutengo wacho wakaderera nekuti machipisi, ane ese anowanikwa, anodhindwa seyuniti nephotolithographypane kuvakwa transistor imwe panguva.Uyezve, maIC akaputirwa anoshandisa zvinhu zvishoma pane discrete maseketi.Kuita kwakakwira nekuti zvikamu zveIC zvinochinja nekukasira uye kushandisa simba shoma nekuda kwehukuru hwavo uye padyo.Chinhu chikuru chakashata cheICs mutengo wakakura wekugadzira iwo nekugadzira zvinodiwaphotomasks.Mutengo wekutanga uyu wakakwira unoreva kuti maICs anongokwanisa kutengeserana kanamavhoriyamu ekugadzirwa kwepamusorozvinotarisirwa.

Terminology[edit]

AnIntegrated circuitinotsanangurwa se:^[1]

Dunhu umo zvese kana zvimwe zvezvinhu zvedunhu zvakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki uye zvakabatanidzwa nemagetsi kuitira kuti zvionekwe sezvisingaonekwe nekuda kwekuvaka uye kutengeserana.

Masekete anosangana netsanangudzo iyi anogona kuvakwa uchishandisa akawanda akasiyana matekinoroji, kusanganisiradzakaonda-firimu transistors,makobvu-mafirimu matekinoroji, kanahybrid integrated circuits.Zvisinei, mukushandiswa kweseIntegrated circuitauya kuzoreva imwe-chidimbu chedunhu kuvaka kwaimbozivikanwa seamonolithic integrated circuit, inowanzovakwa pachidimbu chimwe chete chesilicon.^[2][3]

Nhoroondo

Kuedza kwekutanga kusanganisa akati wandei mumudziyo mumwe (sezvino ICs) yaive iyoLoewe 3NFvacuum chubhu kubva kuma1920s.Kusiyana neICs, yakagadzirwa nechinangwa chekunzvenga mutero, somuGermany, vagamuchiri veredhiyo vaiva nomutero waibvisirwa zvichienderana nokuti munhu anotambira redhiyo aiva nemachubhu mangani.Yakabvumira vanogamuchira redhiyo kuva nechubhu imwe chete.

Mafungiro ekutanga edunhu rakabatanidzwa anodzokera ku1949, apo injiniya weGermanWerner Jacobi^[4](Siemens AG)^[5]yakaisa patent yeiyo yakabatanidzwa-yedunhu-senge semiconductor amplifying mudziyo^[6]kuratidza zvishanutransistorspane yakajairika substrate mumatanho matatuamplifierurongwa.Jacobi akataura zvidiki uye zvakachipazvinoyamura kunzwaseyakajairwa maindasitiri ekushandisa patent yake.Kukurumidza kushandiswa kwekutengesa kwepatent yake hakuna kutaurwa.

Mumwe mutsigiri wekutanga wepfungwa yaiveGeoffrey Dummer(1909-2002), musayendisiti weradar anoshandira iyoRoyal Radar KutangwayeBritishMinistry of Defense.Dummer akapa zano kune veruzhinji paSymposium yeKufambira mberi muUnhu Electronic Zvikamu mukatiWashington, DCmusi wa7 Chivabvu 1952.^[7]Akapa symposia dzakawanda pachena kuti dziparadzire pfungwa dzake uye akaedza pasina kubudirira kuvaka dunhu rakadaro muna 1956. Pakati pa1953 na1957,Sidney Darlingtonuye Yasuo Tarui (Electrotechnical Laboratory) yakaronga dhizaini yakafanana apo ma transistors akati wandei aigona kugovera yakajairika nzvimbo inoshanda, asi pakanga pasinakuparadzaniswa kwemagetsikuvaparadzanisa kubva kune mumwe.^[4]

Iyo monolithic yakabatanidzwa yedunhu chip yakagoneswa nekugadzirwa kweiyoplanar processbyJean Hoerniuyep–n junction isolationbyKurt Lehovec.Kugadzirwa kwaHoerni kwakavakirwa pairiMohamed M. Atalla's work on surface passivation, pamwe nebasa raFuller naDitzenberger pakuparadzirwa kwe boron uye phosphorus tsvina musilicon,Carl Froschuye basa raLincoln Derick pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro, uyeChih-Tang Sah's work on diffusion masking by the oxide.^[8]